Ubuxoki bokuHlalutya
I-Bias yoHlahlelo
UMark Twain wathetha into efana nale, "Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zobuxoki: ubuxoki, ubuxoki kunye nobuxoki. kubahlalutyi. "
Sithatha lula ukuba uhlalutyo lusinika ulwazi oluluncedo, olunokusetyenzwa. Into esihlala singayiqondi yindlela ucalucalulo lwethu kunye nolwabanye oluphembelela ngayo iimpendulo esizinikwayo nakweyona software iphucukileyo kunye neenkqubo. Ngamanye amaxesha, sisenokuthi sikhohliswe ngokunganyanisekanga, kodwa, ngakumbi, inokuba lucalucalulo olufihlakeleyo nolungaziyo olungena kuhlalutyo lwethu. Inkuthazo emva kohlalutyo olucalu-calulo zininzi. Ngamanye amaxesha iziphumo ezingenamkhethe esizilindeleyo kwisayensi ziphenjelelwa yi-1) ukhetho olufihlakeleyo kwindlela idatha evezwa ngayo, 2) idatha engahambelaniyo okanye engameleliyo, 3) indlela iinkqubo ze-AI eziqeqeshwe ngayo, 4) ukungazi, ukungakwazi kwabaphandi okanye abanye abazamayo. ukuxelela ibali, 5) uhlalutyo ngokwalo.
INtetho-ntetho iThathile
Obunye ubuxoki kulula ukububona kunobunye. Xa uyazi into omawuyijonge ungayibona ngokulula ngakumbi iigrafu ezilahlekisayo kunye neetshathi.
Kukho ubuncinci iindlela ezintlanu ukubonisa ngokulahlekisayo data: 1) Bonisa isethi yedatha encinci, 2). Bonisa ulungelelwaniso olungahambelaniyo, 3) Bonisa idatha ngokungachanekanga, 4) Bonisa idatha ngokungaqhelekanga, okanye 5). Bonisa idatha eyenziwe lula kakhulu.
Bonisa iseti yedatha elinganiselwe
Ukunciphisa idatha, okanye ukukhetha icandelo elingakhethiyo ledatha kaninzi kunokubalisa ibali elingahambelani nomfanekiso omkhulu. Isampula embi, okanye ukukha i-cherry, kuxa umhlalutyi esebenzisa isampuli engamelanga ukumela iqela elikhulu.
Ngo-Matshi 2020, Isebe lezempilo loluntu laseGeorgia ipapashe le tshathi njengenxalenye yengxelo yemeko yemihla ngemihla. Ngokwenene iphakamisa imibuzo emininzi kuneempendulo zayo.
Enye yezinto ezingekhoyo ngumxholo. Umzekelo, kuya kuba luncedo ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi ipesenti yabemi kwiqela ngalinye lobudala. Omnye umba onetshathi yephayi ekhangeleka ilula ngamaqela obudala angalinganiyo. I-0-17 ineminyaka eyi-18, i-18-59 ine-42, i-60+ ivuliwe, kodwa ineminyaka engama-40. Isiphelo, esinikwe le tshathi yodwa, kukuba uninzi lwamatyala akwiqela leminyaka eyi-18-59. Iqela leminyaka yobudala engama-60+ lijongeka lingachatshazelwa kakhulu ziimeko ze-COVID. Kodwa eli ayililo lonke ibali.
Ukuthelekisa, le data eyahlukileyo iseti kwi Iwebhusayithi yeCDC iitshathi iimeko ze-COVID ngokweqela lobudala kunye nedatha eyongezelelweyo kwipesenti yabemi base-US ekuluhlu ngalunye lobudala.
Oku kungcono. Sinomongo othe chatha. Siyabona ukuba amaqela aneminyaka eyi-18-29, 30-39, 40-49 onke anepesenti ephezulu yamatyala kunepesenti yeqela leminyaka kubemi. Kusekho amaqela angalinganiyo ngobudala. Kutheni i-16-17 iyinxalenye yobudala obahlukileyo? Ukanti eli ayililo lonke ibali, kodwa iipundits zibhale iikholamu, zenza uqikelelo kunye nezigunyaziso ezingaphantsi koku. Ngokucacileyo, nge-COVID, kukho izinto ezininzi eziguquguqukayo ukongeza kwiminyaka yobudala echaphazela ukubalwa njengemeko elungileyo: imeko yokugonya, ukufumaneka kovavanyo, inani lamaxesha avavanyiweyo, ukugula, kunye nezinye ezininzi. Inani leemeko, ngokwayo, inika umfanekiso ongaphelelanga. Uninzi lweengcali zikwajonga inani lokufa, okanye iipesenti zokufa kwabantu abayi-100,000, okanye abantu ababhubhileyo ukujonga ukuba i-COVID ichaphazela njani iqela ngalinye lobudala.
Bonisa unxulumano olunganxulumananga
Ngokucacileyo, kukho a unxulumano olomeleleyo phakathi kwenkcitho yase-US kwisayensi, indawo, kunye nobuchwepheshe kunye nenani labaZibulalayo ngokuxhoma, ukukrwitsha kunye nokufuthaniselwa. Unxulumano yi-99.79%, phantse umdlalo ogqibeleleyo.
Noko ke, ngubani onokuthi ezi zinto zihlobene ngandlel’ ithile, okanye enye ibangele enye? Kukho eminye imizekelo engaphantsi kakhulu, kodwa ayikho ngaphantsi kwenkohliso. Kukho unxulumano olomeleleyo olufanayo phakathi kweeLeta kwiLizwi eliPhumelelayo leScripps National Spelling Bee kunye nenani labantu ababulawa ziZigcawu ezinetyhefu. Ngebhaqo? Uyagqiba.
Enye indlela yokwenza itshati le datha enokuba ingalahlekisi kangako inokuba kukubandakanya u-zero kuzo zombini ii-axes zika-Y.
Bonisa idatha ngokungachanekanga
ukusuka Indlela yokubonisa iDatha kakubi, i-US State of Georgia ibonise i-5 Counties ephezulu ngelona nani liKhulu leemeko eziqinisekisiweyo ze-COVID-19.
Ijongeka ngokusemthethweni, akunjalo? Kukho ngokucacileyo ukuhla kwemeko ye-COVID-19 eqinisekisiweyo. Ngaba uyakwazi ukufunda i-X-axis? I-X-axis imele ixesha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imihla iya kwanda ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene. Apha, sibona ukuhamba kwexesha elincinci kwi-X-axis:
4/28/2020
4/27/2020
4/29/2020
5/1/2020
4/30/2020
5/4/2020
5/6/2020
5/5/2020
5/2/22020 ...
Yima? Intoni? I-X-axis ayihlelwanga ngokolandelelwano. Ke, intle njengoko imeko inokujongeka, asinakuthatha naziphi na izigqibo. Ukuba imihla iyalelwe, imivalo yenani leemeko ibonisa ngakumbi ipateni sawtooth kunalo naluphi na uhlobo trend.
Ulungiso olulula apha kukuhlela imihla ngendlela eyenza ngayo ikhalenda.
Bonisa idatha ngokungaqhelekanga
Sonke sixakekile. Iingqondo zethu zisifundise ukuba senze izigwebo ezikhawulezayo ezisekelwe kwiingcamango eziye zahambelana kwihlabathi lethu. Umzekelo, igrafu nganye endakha ndayibona ibonisa u-x- kunye no-y- axes zidibana ngo-zero, okanye awona maxabiso aphantsi. Ukujonga le tshathi ngokufutshane, zeziphi izigqibo onokuzifumana malunga nefuthe leFlorida “Yima umthetho wakho osisiseko.”? Ndineentloni ukuyivuma, kodwa le grafu yandikhohlisa ekuqaleni. Iliso lakho litsalwa ngokulula kumbhalo kunye notolo phakathi komzobo. Ezantsi kuphezulu kule grafu. Akunakuba bubuxoki - idatha ilungile apho. Kodwa, kufuneka ndicinge ukuba yenzelwe ukukhohlisa. Ukuba awukayiboni, u-zero kwi-axis ka-y uphezulu. Ke, njengoko idatha isihla, oko kuthetha ukufa okuninzi. Le tshathi ibonisa ukuba inani labagebenga abasebenzisa imipu yanda emva kowama-2005, eboniswa yindlela ehamba ngayo phantsi.
Bonisa idatha eyenziwe lula kakhulu
Omnye umzekelo wokwenziwa lula kakhulu kwedatha unokubonwa xa abahlalutyi bethatha ithuba leSimpson's Paradox. Le yinto eyenzekayo xa idatha edityanisiweyo ibonakala ibonisa isiphelo esahlukileyo kunaxa isahlulwe ngokweesethi. Lo mgibe kulula ukuwela kuwo xa ujonga iipesenti ezidityanisiweyo eziphezulu. Omnye weyona mifanekiso icacileyo yeSimpson's Paradox emsebenzini inxulumene ukubetha i-avareji.
Apha sibona ukuba uDerek Jeter unomndilili wokubetha ongaphezulu kunoDavid Justice kwi1995 kunye ne1996 seasons. Indida ifika xa sifumanisa ukuba uBulungisa wagqwesa uJeter ekubetheni umndilili kuyo yomibini loo minyaka. Ukuba ujonga ngononophelo, kuyavakala xa uqaphela ukuba i-Jeter yayine-4x ngaphezulu kwamalulwane (i-denominator) ngo-1996 kwi-avareji esezantsi eyi-.007 ngo-1996. 10 umndilili ophezulu ngo-003.
Inkcazo-ntetho ibonakala ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa iSimpson’s Paradox, eqondayo, okanye engazi, iye yakhokelela kwizigqibo ezingachananga. Kutshanje, kukho imizekelo yeSimpson's Paradox ezindabeni nakwimithombo yeendaba zentlalo enxulumene nogonyo kunye nokufa kwe-COVID. Nye ishati ibonisa igrafu yomgca ethelekisa amazinga okusweleka phakathi kwabantu abagonyiweyo nabangagonywanga kubantu abaneminyaka eyi-10-59 ubudala. Itshathi ibonisa ukuba abangagonywanga bahlala benezinga lokusweleka elisezantsi. Kwenzeka ntoni apha?
Lo mbandela uyafana nalowo siwubona ngokubetha ama-avareji. Idinomineyitha kule meko linani labantu kwiqela ngalinye lobudala. Igrafu idibanisa amaqela aneziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba sijonga iqela elidala, i-50-59, ngokwahlukileyo, sibona ukuba ukugonywa kuhamba ngcono. Ngokunjalo, ukuba sijonga kwi-10-49, sikwabona ukuba ugonyo luhamba ngcono. Okumangalisayo kukuba, xa ujonga isethi edibeneyo, ukungagonywa kubonakala kunesiphumo esibi. Ngale ndlela, uyakwazi ukwenza ityala kwiingxoxo ezichaseneyo usebenzisa idatha.
Idatha iThathile
Idatha ayinakuhlala ithenjwa. Kwanakwibutho lezenzululwazi, ngaphezu kwesithathu sabaphandi ekwenziwe uhlolisiso kubo bavuma ukuba "izenzo zophando ezithandabuzekayo." enye uphando ngobuqhophololo uthi, “Kunokwenzeka ukuba bungaphezulu ubuqhophololo kwidatha – iitheyibhile, iigrafu zemigca, idatha yolandelelwano [- kunokuba siyifumanisa ngokwenene]. Nabani na ohleli etafileni yakhe ekhitshini unokubeka amanani kwispreadsheet kwaye enze igrafu yomgca ebonakala ikholisa. ”
Oku kuqala umzekelo kubonakala ngathi kukho umntu owenze loo nto. Anditsho ukuba obu burhwaphilizo, kodwa njengophando, aluvelisi nayiphi na idatha enegalelo kwisigqibo esinolwazi. Kubonakala ngathi uphando lubuze abaphenduli malunga noluvo lwabo malunga nekofu yesitishi segesi, okanye esinye isiganeko esikhoyo ngoku.
- Ngaphezulu
- Kakhulu
- Kakuhle kakhulu
Ndiyinqumle iposi ye-Twitter ukususa iimbekiselo kumntu onetyala, kodwa le yeyona tshati yokwenyani yeziphumo zokugqibela zovavanyo. Uvavanyo olufana nolu aluqhelekanga. Ngokucacileyo, nayiphi na itshathi eyenziwe kwidatha evela kwiimpendulo iya kubonisa ikhofi echaphazelekayo ayifanele ilahleke.
Ingxaki kukuba, ukuba ubunikwe olu phando kwaye akwafumana mpendulo ehambelana nokucinga kwakho, ubuya kulutsiba uphando. Lo inokuba ngumzekelo ogqithisileyo wendlela idatha enokuthenjwa enokwenziwa ngayo. Uyilo lophando olubi, nangona kunjalo, lunokukhokelela kwiimpendulo ezimbalwa kwaye abo baphendulayo banombono omnye kuphela, yinto nje yesidanga. Idatha inomkhethe.
Lo mzekelo wesibini wedata bias usuka kwiifayile ze "Eyona COVID 19 iLahlekisayo iiGrafu. "
Kwakhona, oku kufihlakeleyo kwaye akubonakali ngokupheleleyo. Igrafu yebha ibonisa ukugudiseka - phantse kumtyibilizi kakhulu - ukwehla kwepesenti yeemeko ezilungileyo ze-COVID-19 ngokuhamba kwexesha kwidolophu yaseFlorida. Ungafikelela kwisigqibo ngokulula sokuba iimeko ziyehla. Kuhle, ukubonwa kubonisa ngokuchanekileyo idatha. Ingxaki ikwidatha. Ke, lucalucalulo olufihlakeleyo ngakumbi kuba awukwazi ukuyibona. Ibhakiwe kwidatha. Imibuzo ekufuneka uyibuze, ibandakanya, ngubani ovavanywayo? Ngamanye amazwi, yintoni idinomineyitha, okanye inani labantu esijonge kwipesenti. Ingqikelelo kukuba ngabantu bonke, okanye ubuncinci, isampuli emele.
Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha, kule dolophu, iimvavanyo zanikwa kuphela inani elilinganiselweyo labantu. Bekufuneka babeneempawu ezifana ne-COVID, okanye bebehambe mva nje besiya kwilizwe elikuluhlu lweendawo ezishushu. Ukongeza koku, okubhidayo iziphumo yinto yokuba uvavanyo ngalunye lwe-positive lubaliwe kwaye uvavanyo ngalunye oluthi awunayo luye lwabalwa. Ngokwesiqhelo, xa umntu efunyaniswe ene-HIV, baye bavavanye kwakhona xa intsholongwane sele ihambile kwaye bavavanywe ukuba akanayo. Ngoko ke, ngandlela ithile, kwimeko nganye ene-positive, kukho uvavanyo lwe-negative case oluthi lucime. Uninzi lweemvavanyo luthi awunayo kwaye uvavanyo lomntu ngamnye lubalwe. Uyakwazi ukubona indlela idatha ecalulwe ngayo kwaye ayiluncedo kakhulu ekwenzeni izigqibo.
Igalelo kunye noQeqesho lwe-AI luKhethekileyo
Kukho ubuncinane iindlela ezimbini apho i-AI ingakhokelela kwiziphumo ezithintekayo: ukuqala ngedatha ecalucalulo, okanye ukusebenzisa i-algorithms echaphazelekayo ukucubungula idatha esebenzayo.
Igalelo eliKhethekileyo
Abaninzi bethu baphantsi koluvo lokuba i-AI inokuthenjwa ukuba idibanise amanani, isebenzise i-algorithms yayo, kwaye itshice uhlalutyo oluthembekileyo lwedatha. I-Artificial Intelligence inokuba krelekrele njengoko iqeqeshiwe. Ukuba idatha apho iqeqeshelwa khona ayifezekanga, iziphumo okanye izigqibo aziyi kukwazi ukuthenjwa, nokuba. Ngokufana nemeko engasentla yocalucalulo lwesaveyi, kukho iindlela ezininzi apho idatha ingaba zikhethile ekufundeni koomatshini:.
- Isampulu yomkhethe - isethi yedatha yoqeqesho ayimelanga uluntu luphela.
- Ucalucalulo lokungabandakanywa - ngamanye amaxesha oko kubonakala ngathi kungaphandle kuyasebenza ngokwenene, okanye, apho sizoba umgca wokuba yintoni emayibandakanye (iikhowudi ze-zip, imihla, njl njl).
- I-Measurement bias - ingqungquthela kukuba ihlale ilinganisa ukusuka kwiziko kunye nezantsi kwe-meniscus, umzekelo, xa ulinganisa ulwelo kwiiflaski zevolumetric okanye iibhubhu zokuvavanya (ngaphandle kwe-mercury.)
- Khumbula icala – xa uphando luxhomekeke kwinkumbulo yabathathi-nxaxheba.
- Umkhi-mkhanyo wokuthambekela ecaleni - izazinzulu, njengabo bonke abantu, bathambekele ngakumbi ekuboneni into abalindele ukuyibona.
- Ucalucalulo ngokwesini kunye nobuhlanga - isini okanye uhlanga lusenokungamelwa ngokugqithisileyo okanye kancinane.
- I-Association bias - idatha yomeleza iingcamango
Ukuze i-AI ibuyisele iziphumo ezithembekileyo, idatha yoqeqesho lwayo kufuneka imele ihlabathi langempela. Njengoko sixoxile kwinqaku lebhlog yangaphambili, ukulungiswa kwedatha kubalulekile kwaye njengayo nayiphi na enye iprojekthi yedatha. Idatha engathembekiyo inokufundisa iinkqubo zokufunda koomatshini isifundo esingalunganga kwaye iya kubangela isiphelo esingalunganga. Oko kwathiwa, "Yonke idatha inomkhethe. Oku akusiyo i-paranoia. Le yinyani. " - UGqr. Sanjiv M. Narayan, iYunivesithi yaseStanford yeSikolo soNyango.
Ukusebenzisa idatha ecalanye yoqeqesho kukhokelele kwinani leentsilelo ze-AI eziphawulekayo. (Imizekelo Apha kwaye Apha, uphando Apha..)
Ii-algorithms ezicandayo
I-algorithm isethi yemithetho eyamkela igalelo kwaye idala imveliso yokuphendula ingxaki yeshishini. Bahlala beyimithi yesigqibo echazwe kakuhle. Ii-algorithms ziziva ngathi ziibhokisi ezimnyama. Akukho mntu uqinisekileyo ukuba basebenza njani, ngaphambili, nokuba iinkampani ezizisebenzisayo. Owu, kwaye bahlala bengabanini. Ubume babo obungaqondakaliyo nobuntsokothileyo sesinye sezizathu zokuba kutheni ii-algorithms ezicalu-calukileyo zifihlakeleyo. .
Qwalasela i-algorithms ye-AI kwezamayeza, i-HR okanye ezemali ezithathela ingqalelo ugqatso. Ukuba ubuhlanga yinto, i-algorithm ayinakuba yimfama ngokobuhlanga. Oku akuyothiyori. Iingxaki ezifana nezi zifunyenwe kwihlabathi lokwenyani kusetyenziswa i-AI kwi ukuqesha, khwela-isabelo, isicelo semali mboleko, kwaye uqhaqho-fakelo lwezintso.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ukuba idatha yakho okanye i-algorithms imbi, imbi ngaphezu kokungenamsebenzi, ingaba yingozi. Kukho into ebizwa ngokuba "uphicotho lwe-algorithmic.” Injongo kukunceda imibutho ibone imingcipheko enokubakho enxulumene ne-algorithm njengoko ihambelana nobulungisa, ucalucalulo kunye nocalucalulo. Kwenye indawo, Facebook usebenzisa i-AI ukulwa ne-bias kwi-AI.
Abantu baKhethekileyo
Sinabantu kumacala omabini enxaki. Abantu balungiselela uhlalutyo kwaye abantu bafumana ulwazi. Kukho abaphandi kwaye kukho abafundi. Kulo naluphi na unxibelelwano, kunokubakho iingxaki ekugqithiseni okanye ekufumaneni.
Thatha imozulu, umzekelo. Lithetha ukuthini “ithuba lemvula”? Okokuqala, zithetha ukuthini izazi ngemozulu xa zisithi kukho ithuba lemvula? Ngokutsho kukarhulumente wase-US YeNkonzo yeSizwe yeNkonzo, ithuba lemvula, okanye into abayibiza ngokuba yi-Probability of Precipitation (PoP), yenye yezona zinto ziqondwa kancinci kuqikelelo lwemozulu. Inayo ingcaciso eqhelekileyo: "Amathuba okuna kwemvula lithuba lobalo lwe-0.01" intshi [sic] ye [sic] engaphezulu yemvula kwindawo enikiweyo kwindawo yoqikelelo lwexesha elichaziweyo. “Indawo enikiweyo” yindawo yoqikelelo, okanye broadindawo yokuphosa. Oko kuthetha ukuba i-Probability of Precipitation esemthethweni ixhomekeke kukuzithemba ukuba kuya kunetha kwindawo ethile kwindawo kunye nepesenti yendawo eya kuba manzi. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba isazi ngemozulu siqinisekile ukuba imvula iza kunetha kwindawo yoqikelelo (Ukuzithemba = 100%), ngoko ke iPoP imele inxalenye yendawo eya kufumana imvula.
Isitalato saseParis; Usuku olunethayo,Gustave Caillebotte (1848-1894) Chicago Art Institute Public Domain
Ithuba lemvula lixhomekeke ekuzithembeni nakwindawo. Bendingayazi lonto. Ndiyarhana ukuba nabanye abantu abayazi loo nto, nabo. Malunga nama-75% abantu abayiqondi ngokuchanekileyo indlela iPoP ebalwa ngayo, okanye ukuba kuthethwa ukuthini na. Ke, ngaba siyakhohliswa, okanye, ngaba le yingxaki yokuqonda. Masiyibize imbono yemvula. Ngaba sityhola uxelwa kwangaphambili lwemozulu? Ukunyaniseka, kukho ezinye kudideka phakathi kwabaxeli bemozulu, kananjalo. Kwinye survey, i-43% yeengcali zezulu eziphononongwayo zathi kukho ukungaguquguquki okuncinci kakhulu kwinkcazo ye-PoP.
Uhlahlelo ngokwalo luChalelele
Kwimiba emihlanu enempembelelo, uhlalutyo ngokwalo lunokuba lolona lumangalisayo. Kuphando lwezenzululwazi olubangela ukuba iphepha elihlaziyiweyo lipapashwe, ngokuqhelekileyo ithiyori iqikelelwa, iindlela zichazwe ukuvavanya i-hypothesis, idatha iqokelelwa, emva koko idatha ihlalutywa. Uhlobo lokuhlalutya olwenziwayo kunye nendlela olwenziwa ngayo aluxatyiswanga ngendlela oluchaphazela ngayo izigqibo. Kwi iphepha epapashwe ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka (ngoJanuwari 2022), kwiJenali yeHlabathi yoMhlaza, ababhali bavavanya ukuba ngaba ziziphumo zolingo olulawulwa ngokungakhethiyo kunye nezifundo zokuphonononga ezibuyela emva. Iziphumo zabo zafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba,
Ngokwahluka kokhetho lohlalutyo kuphando olusebenzayo oluthelekisayo, siye savelisa iziphumo ezichaseneyo. Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ezinye iiphononongo zokuphonononga ezibuyela emva zinokufumana unyango oluphucula iziphumo kwizigulane, ngelixa olunye uphando olufanayo lunokukufumanisa alukho, lusekelwe kukhetho lohlalutyo.
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, xa ufunda inqaku lejenali yesayensi, ukuba ufana nam, unokucinga ukuba iziphumo okanye izigqibo zizonke malunga nedatha. Ngoku, kubonakala ukuba iziphumo, okanye ukuba i-hypothesis yokuqala iqinisekisiwe okanye iyaphikiswa inokuxhomekeka kwindlela yokuhlalutya.
enye isifundo ifumene iziphumo ezifanayo. Inqaku, Abahlalutyi abaninzi, iSeti yedatha enye: Ukwenza ekuhleni indlela iiyantlukwano eziKhethekileyo ezichaphazela ngayo iziphumo, ichaza indlela abanikeze ngayo idatha efanayo kumaqela ahlukeneyo angama-29 ukuba ahlalutye. Uhlalutyo lwedatha luhlala lubonwa njengenkqubo engqongqo, echazwe kakuhle ekhokelela kwisigqibo esisodwa.
Ngaphandle kweemethodologists' remonstrations, kulula ukungayihoyi into yokuba iziphumo zinokuxhomekeka kwisicwangciso esikhethiweyo sokuhlalutya, sona ngokwaso sifakwe ithiyori, ucingelo, kunye namanqaku okhetho. Kwiimeko ezininzi, kukho iindlela ezininzi ezifanelekileyo (kwaye ezininzi ezingafanelekanga) zokuvavanya idatha ejongene nombuzo wophando.
Abaphandi baye bafumana uhlalutyo lwedatha kwaye bafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba lonke uphando lubandakanya izigqibo ezizimeleyo-kubandakanywa naluphi uhlobo lohlalutyo olunokusetyenziswa - olunokuchaphazela umphumo wokugqibela wophando.
Ingcebiso yomnye umphandi ohlalutye olu phononongo lungentla kukuba alumke xa usebenzisa iphepha elinye ekwenzeni izigqibo okanye ukwenza izigqibo.
Ukujongana ne-Bias kwi-Analytics
Oku kuthetha nje ukuba libali lokulumkisa. Ulwazi lunokusikhusela ekubanjweni ngobuqhetseba. Okukhona sizazi iindlela ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe sisikena ukusikhohlisa, kokukhona kungafane kwenzeke ukuba sithathwe, sisithi, ngokuphosa umkhomba-ndlela, okanye intetho egudileyo yomdlalo wePonzi. Kunjalo nokuqonda kunye nokuqonda izinto ezinokuthi zichaphazele uhlalutyo lwethu. Ukuba siyazazi iimpembelelo ezinokubakho, singakwazi ukuveza ibali ngcono kwaye ekugqibeleni senze izigqibo ezingcono.
