Bodza la Analytics
Tsankho la Analysis
Mark Twain ananena momveka bwino kuti, "Pali mabodza amitundu itatu: mabodza, mabodza otembereredwa ndi mabodza. analytics. "
Timaona mopepuka kuti ma analytics amatipatsa zidziwitso zothandiza, zotheka kuchitapo kanthu. Zomwe sitidziwa nthawi zambiri ndi momwe zokondera zathu komanso za ena zimakhudzira mayankho omwe timapatsidwa ndi mapulogalamu ndi machitidwe apamwamba kwambiri. Nthawi zina, titha kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mwachinyengo, koma, nthawi zambiri, zitha kukhala zobisika komanso zosadziwika bwino zomwe zimalowa mu analytics yathu. Zomwe zimachititsa ma analytics atsankho ndizochuluka. Nthawi zina zotsatira zopanda tsankho zomwe timayembekezera kuchokera ku sayansi zimakhudzidwa ndi 1) zosankha zobisika za momwe deta imasonyezedwera, 2) deta yosagwirizana kapena yosayimira, 3) momwe machitidwe a AI amaphunzitsidwa, 4) umbuli, kulephera kwa ofufuza kapena ena omwe akuyesera kunena nkhani, 5) kusanthula palokha.
Chiwonetserocho Ndi Chokondera
Mabodza ena ndi osavuta kuwazindikira kuposa ena. Mukadziwa zoyenera kuyang'ana mutha kuzizindikira mosavuta ma graph osocheretsa ndi ma chart.
Pali osachepera njira zisanu zowonetsera deta molakwika: 1) Onetsani deta yochepa, 2). Onetsani maulalo osagwirizana, 3) Onetsani deta molakwika, 4) Onetsani deta mosagwirizana, kapena 5). Onetsani zambiri zosavuta.
Onetsani seti ya data yochepa
Kuchepetsa deta, kapena kusankha pamanja gawo losasinthika la data nthawi zambiri limatha kunena nkhani yosagwirizana ndi chithunzi chachikulu. Kusankha koyipa, kapena kuthyola zitumbuwa, ndi pamene katswiriyo amagwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chosayimira kuimira gulu lalikulu.
Mu March 2020, Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ku Georgia adasindikiza tchatichi ngati gawo la lipoti lake latsiku ndi tsiku. Imadzutsa mafunso ambiri kuposa momwe imayankhira.
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zikusowa ndi nkhani. Mwachitsanzo, zingakhale zothandiza kudziwa kuchuluka kwa anthu azaka zilizonse. Nkhani ina yokhala ndi tchati chowoneka chosavuta ndi magulu azaka zosagwirizana. 0-17 ili ndi zaka 18, 18-59 ili ndi 42, 60+ ndi yotseguka, koma ili ndi zaka pafupifupi 40. Kutsiliza, kupatsidwa tchatichi chokha, ndikuti milandu yambiri ili mgulu lazaka zapakati pa 18-59. Gulu lazaka 60+ likuwoneka kuti silikhudzidwa kwambiri ndi milandu ya COVID. Koma iyi si nkhani yonse.
Poyerekeza, izi zosiyanasiyana zimayikidwa pa Webusayiti ya CDC amatcha anthu omwe ali ndi COVID potengera zaka ndi data yowonjezera pa kuchuluka kwa Anthu aku US omwe ali m'zaka zilizonse.
Izi ndi zabwino. Tili ndi nkhani zambiri. Titha kuwona kuti magulu azaka 18-29, 30-39, 40-49 onse ali ndi kuchuluka kwa milandu kuposa kuchuluka kwa zaka za anthu. Palinso magulu ena a zaka zosagwirizana. Chifukwa chiyani 16-17 ndi gulu lazaka zosiyana? Komabe iyi si nkhani yonse, koma akatswiri adalemba mizati, amaneneratu ndi kulamula zochepa kuposa izi. Zachidziwikire, ndi COVID, pali zosintha zambiri kuphatikiza zaka zomwe zimakhudza kuwerengedwa ngati vuto labwino: katemera, kupezeka kwa mayeso, kuchuluka kwa mayeso, ma comorbidities, ndi ena ambiri. Chiwerengero cha milandu, palokha, imapereka chithunzi chosakwanira. Akatswiri ambiri amayang'ananso Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amafa, kapena kuchuluka kwaimfa pa anthu 100,000, kapena anthu omwe amafa kuti awone momwe COVID imakhudzira gulu lililonse lazaka.
Onetsani zosagwirizana
Mwachiwonekere, pali a kulumikizana kwamphamvu pakati pa ndalama zomwe US amagwiritsa ntchito pa sayansi, danga, ndi ukadaulo komanso kuchuluka kwa Odzipha popachika, kukomoka komanso kukomoka. Kulumikizana ndi 99.79%, pafupifupi machesi abwino.
Komabe, ndani anganene kuti izi zikugwirizana mwanjira inayake, kapena kuti wina amayambitsa mnzake? Palinso zitsanzo zina zochepa kwambiri, koma zosachepera. Pali kulumikizana kwamphamvu kofananira pakati pa Letters in Winning Word of Scripps National Spelling Bee ndi Chiwerengero cha Anthu Ophedwa ndi Akangaude a Venomous. Mwangozi? Mwasankha.
Njira ina yopangira deta iyi yomwe ingakhale yosasocheretsa kwambiri ingakhale ziro pa ma ax onse a Y.
Onetsani deta molakwika
kuchokera Momwe Mungawonetsere Zambiri Moyipa, State of Georgia ya US idapereka Magawo 5 Opambana Ndi Chiwerengero Chachikulu Cha Milandu Yotsimikizika ya COVID-19.
Zikuwoneka zolondola, sichoncho? Zikuwonekeratu kutsika kwa milandu yotsimikizika ya COVID-19. Kodi mukuwerenga X-axis? X-axis imayimira nthawi. Nthawi zambiri, masiku amawonjezeka kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja. Apa, tikuwona kuyenda kwakanthawi pang'ono pa X-axis:
4/28/2020
4/27/2020
4/29/2020
5/1/2020
4/30/2020
5/4/2020
5/6/2020
5/5/2020
5/2/22020 ...
Dikirani? Chani? X-axis sinasankhidwe motsatira nthawi. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale momwe zimawonekera bwino, sitingathe kuganiza. Ngati masikuwo alamulidwa, mipiringidzo ya kuchuluka kwa milandu ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse kuposa mtundu uliwonse.
Kukonza kosavuta apa ndikusankha masiku momwe kalendala imachitira.
Onetsani deta mosagwirizana
Tonse tili otanganidwa. Ubongo wathu watiphunzitsa kupanga ziganizo mwachangu potengera malingaliro omwe akhala osasinthasintha m'dziko lathu lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, graph iliyonse yomwe ndidawonapo imawonetsa ma x- ndi y- axes akukumana paziro, kapena pamtengo wotsika kwambiri. Kuyang'ana pa tchatichi mwachidule, ndi mfundo ziti zomwe mungafikire ponena za zotsatira za Florida “Imani malamulo anu.”? Ndichita manyazi kuvomereza, koma graph iyi idandipusitsa poyamba. Diso lanu limakopeka mosavuta ndi mawu ndi muvi pakati pa chithunzicho. Pansi ndi mmwamba mu graph iyi. Sizingakhale zabodza - deta ili bwino pamenepo. Koma, ndiyenera kuganiza kuti cholinga chake ndi kunyenga. Ngati simunaziwonebe, ziro pa y-axis ili pamwamba. Chifukwa chake, momwe deta ikutsika, izi zikutanthauza kufa kochulukirapo. Tchatichi chikuwonetsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amapha anthu pogwiritsa ntchito mfuti kuwonjezeka pambuyo pa 2005, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndi zomwe zikuchitika pansi.
Onetsani deta yophweka kwambiri
Chitsanzo chimodzi cha kuphweka kwambiri kwa deta chitha kuwoneka pamene akatswiri amapezerapo mwayi pa Simpson's Paradox. Ichi ndi chodabwitsa chomwe chimachitika data yophatikizidwa ikuwoneka kuti ikuwonetsa malingaliro osiyana ndi pamene igawidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Msampha uwu ndi wosavuta kugwera mukamayang'ana maperesenti apamwamba. Chimodzi mwazithunzi zomveka bwino za Simpson's Paradox pantchito ndi zokhudzana ndi kumenya ma average.
Apa tikuwona kuti Derek Jeter ali ndi omenyera ambiri kuposa David Justice wa 1995 ndi 1996 nyengo. Zododometsa zimabwera tikazindikira kuti Justice adathandizira Jeter pakumenya pafupifupi zaka zonse ziwirizo. Ngati muyang'ana mosamala, zimakhala zomveka pamene muzindikira kuti Jeter anali ndi 4x zambiri pa-mileme (denominator) mu 1996 pa .007 m'munsi mwa 1996. 10 apamwamba kwambiri mu 003.
Ulalikiwu umawoneka wowongoka, koma Zodabwitsa za Simpson, mosadziwa, kapena mosadziwa, zabweretsa malingaliro olakwika. Posachedwapa, pakhala zitsanzo za Simpson's Paradox m'nkhani komanso pazama TV zokhudzana ndi katemera komanso kufa kwa COVID. Mmodzi tchati ikuwonetsa mzere woyerekeza kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amamwalira pakati pa omwe adatemera komanso osatemera kwa anthu azaka zapakati pa 10-59. Tchatichi chikuwonetsa kuti omwe sanatemedwe amakhala ndi chiwopsezo chochepa cha imfa. Kodi chikuchitika ndi chiyani pano?
Nkhaniyi ndi yofanana ndi yomwe timayiwona ndi ma avareji omenyera. Choyimira pankhaniyi ndi chiwerengero cha anthu pagulu lililonse lazaka. Grafu imaphatikiza magulu omwe ali ndi zotsatira zosiyana. Ngati tiyang'ana gulu la okalamba, 50-59, mosiyana, tikuwona kuti katemera akuyenda bwino. Momwemonso, ngati tiyang'ana pa 10-49, tikuwonanso kuti katemera akuyenda bwino. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, poyang'ana pamagulu ophatikizana, osatemera akuwoneka kuti ali ndi zotsatira zoipa kwambiri. Mwanjira imeneyi, mumatha kutsutsa mikangano yosiyana pogwiritsa ntchito deta.
Deta Ndi Yokondera
Zambiri sizingakhale zodalirika nthawi zonse. Ngakhale m’gulu la asayansi, ofufuza oposa mmodzi pa atatu alionse anavomereza "zokayikitsa zofufuza." china wofufuza zachinyengo akuti, "Pali chinyengo chochulukirachulukira pama data - matebulo, ma grafu a mzere, kusanja deta [- kuposa momwe tikutulukira]. Aliyense amene wakhala patebulo la kukhitchini yawo akhoza kuika manambala mu spreadsheet ndikupanga graph yomwe imawoneka yokhutiritsa. "
Ichi choyamba Mwachitsanzo zikuwoneka ngati winawake anachita zimenezo. Sindikunena kuti izi ndi zachinyengo, koma monga kafukufuku, sizimapanga deta iliyonse yomwe imathandizira kuti munthu asankhe mwanzeru. Zikuwoneka kuti kafukufukuyu adafunsa omwe adawafunsa za malingaliro awo pazakudya za khofi wapagalasi, kapena zina zomwe zidachitika posachedwa.
- Wopambana
- Great
- Zabwino kwambiri
Ndatsitsa positi ya Twitter kuti ndichotse zonena za wolakwayo, koma iyi ndiye tchati chonse cha zotsatira zomaliza za kafukufukuyu. Ma kafukufuku ngati amenewa si achilendo. Mwachiwonekere, tchati chilichonse chopangidwa kuchokera ku deta yochokera ku mayankho chidzasonyeza khofi yomwe ikufunsidwayo sayenera kuphonya.
Vuto ndilakuti mukadapatsidwa kafukufukuyu ndipo osapeza yankho lomwe likugwirizana ndi malingaliro anu, mukadadumpha kafukufukuyu. Ichi chikhoza kukhala chitsanzo choopsa cha momwe deta yosadalirika ingapangidwe. Maonekedwe olakwika a kafukufuku, komabe, amatha kubweretsa mayankho ochepa ndipo omwe amayankha amakhala ndi lingaliro limodzi lokha, ndi nkhani ya digiri. Zambiri ndizokondera.
Chitsanzo chachiwiri ichi cha kukondera kwa data ndikuchokera kumafayilo a "Ma Graph Osokeretsa Kwambiri a COVID 19. "
Apanso, izi ndizobisika komanso sizikuwonekeratu. Chithunzi cha bar chikuwonetsa kusalala - pafupifupi kosalala kwambiri - kutsika kwa ziwopsezo zabwino za COVID-19 pakapita nthawi m'boma ku Florida. Mutha kunena mosavuta kuti milandu ikuchepa. Ndizo zabwino, zowonera zimayimira bwino deta. Vuto lili mu data. Chifukwa chake, ndikokondera kobisika kwambiri chifukwa simukuwona. Zawotcha mu data. Mafunso omwe muyenera kufunsa, akuphatikizapo, ndani akuyesedwa? Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kodi denominator ndi chiyani, kapena chiwerengero cha anthu omwe tikuyang'ana peresenti. Lingaliro ndiloti ndi anthu onse, kapena osachepera, chitsanzo choyimira.
Komabe, panthawi imeneyi, m’chigawo chino, mayesero anangoperekedwa kwa anthu ochepa chabe. Amayenera kukhala ndi zizindikiro ngati za COVID, kapena adapita posachedwa kudziko lomwe lili pamndandanda wamalo otentha. Chowonjezeranso chosokoneza zotsatira zake ndikuti mayeso aliwonse omwe ali ndi HIV amawerengedwa ndipo mayeso aliwonse amawerengedwa. Nthawi zambiri, munthu akapezeka kuti ali ndi kachilomboka, amayesanso kachilomboka ikatha ndipo amapeza kuti alibe. Chifukwa chake, mwanjira ina, pachochitika chilichonse, pali choyeserera chomwe chimathetsa. Unyinji woyezetsa umakhala wopanda ndipo zoyezetsa za munthu aliyense zinawerengedwa. Mutha kuwona momwe deta imakondera komanso sizothandiza kwenikweni popanga zisankho.
Kulowetsa ndi Kuphunzitsa kwa AI ndikokondera
Pali njira ziwiri zomwe AI ingatsogolere ku zotsatira zokondera: kuyambira ndi deta yokondera, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ma algorithms okondera kukonza deta yovomerezeka.
Kulowetsa Kokondera
Ambiri aife timaganiza kuti AI ikhoza kudaliridwa kuti iwononge manambala, kugwiritsa ntchito ma algorithms ake, ndikulavulira kusanthula kodalirika kwa deta. Artificial Intelligence imatha kukhala yanzeru monga imaphunzitsidwa. Ngati deta yomwe imaphunzitsidwa ndi yopanda ungwiro, zotsatira kapena ziganizo sizingakhale zodalirika, mwina. Mofanana ndi nkhani yomwe ili pamwambayi, pali njira zingapo zomwe deta ingakhalire kunyozeka mu maphunziro makina:.
- Zitsanzo zokondera - gulu la maphunziro silikuyimira anthu onse.
- Tsankho lopatula - nthawi zina zomwe zimawoneka ngati zakunja zimakhala zomveka, kapena, pomwe timajambula zomwe ziyenera kuphatikiza (zip code, masiku, ndi zina).
- Kukondera muyeso - msonkhanowu uyenera kuyeza nthawi zonse kuchokera pakati ndi pansi pa meniscus, mwachitsanzo, poyezera zakumwa mu ma flasks a volumetric kapena machubu oyesera (kupatula mercury.)
- Kumbukirani kukondera - pamene kafukufuku amadalira kukumbukira kwa ophunzira.
- Kukondera kwa owonera - asayansi, monga anthu onse, amakonda kuwona zomwe amayembekezera kuwona.
- Tsankho la tsankho la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - kugonana kapena mtundu ukhoza kuimiridwa mopambanitsa.
- Kukondera kwa mayanjano - deta imalimbitsa malingaliro
Kuti AI ibweretse zotsatira zodalirika, deta yake yophunzitsira iyenera kuyimira dziko lenileni. Monga tafotokozera m'nkhani yapitayi yabulogu, kukonzekera kwa data ndikofunikira komanso ngati ntchito ina iliyonse ya data. Deta yosadalirika ikhoza kuphunzitsa makina ophunzirira maphunziro olakwika ndipo zotsatira zake zingakhale zolakwika. Izi zinati, "Zida zonse ndizokondera. Izi si paranoia. Izi ndi zoona.” - Dr. Sanjiv M. Narayan, Stanford University School of Medicine.
Kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chokondera pakuphunzitsidwa kwadzetsa kulephera kodziwika kwa AI. (Zitsanzo Pano ndi Pano, kafukufuku Pano..)
Ma Algorithms Okhazikika
Algorithm ndi malamulo omwe amavomereza zolowetsa ndikupanga zotuluka kuti ayankhe vuto labizinesi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala mitengo yosankhidwa bwino. Ma algorithms amamveka ngati mabokosi akuda. Palibe amene akudziwa momwe amagwirira ntchito, mwina, ngakhale makampani omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito. O, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala eni ake. Chikhalidwe chawo chodabwitsa komanso chovuta ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe ma algorithms okondera amakhala obisika. .
Ganizirani ma algorithms a AI muzamankhwala, HR kapena zachuma zomwe zimaganiziridwa. Ngati mtundu ndi chinthu, algorithm siyingakhale yakhungu. Izi sizongoyerekeza. Mavuto ngati awa apezeka mdziko lenileni pogwiritsa ntchito AI mkati Pankhani yolemba, kukwera-kugawana, ntchito ngongoles, ndi malingaliro a impso.
Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti ngati deta yanu kapena ma algorithms ndi oipa, ndi oipa kuposa opanda pake, akhoza kukhala owopsa. Pali chinthu chonga "algorithmic audit.” Cholinga chake ndikuthandizira mabungwe kuzindikira zoopsa zomwe zingachitike zokhudzana ndi ndondomekoyi chifukwa ikukhudzana ndi chilungamo, kukondera komanso tsankho. Kwina, Facebook akugwiritsa ntchito AI kulimbana ndi kukondera mu AI.
Anthu Ndi Okondera
Tili ndi anthu mbali zonse za equation. Anthu akukonzekera kusanthula ndipo anthu akulandira chidziwitso. Pali ofufuza ndipo pali owerenga. Pakulankhulana kulikonse, pakhoza kukhala zovuta pakufalitsa kapena kulandira.
Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani za nyengo. Kodi “mwayi wa mvula” umatanthauza chiyani? Choyamba, kodi akatswiri a zanyengo amatanthauza chiyani ponena kuti pali mwayi wamvula? Malinga ndi boma la US National Weather Service, mwayi wa mvula, kapena zomwe amachitcha Probability of Precipitation (PoP), ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe sizimamveka bwino pakulosera kwanyengo. Ili ndi tanthauzo lofanana: "Kuthekera kwa mvula ndi mwayi wongoyerekeza wa 0.01" inchi [sic] ya [sic] yamvula yambiri pamalo operekedwa m'malo oneneratu mu nthawi yomwe yatchulidwa. “Malo operekedwa” ndi malo olosera, kapena broadmalo oponyedwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti Mwayi wovomerezeka wa Kugwa kwa Mvula zimadalira chidaliro chakuti mvula igwa kwinakwake m'derali ndi peresenti ya dera lomwe lidzanyowa. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ngati meteorologist ali ndi chidaliro kuti mvula igwa mu malo owonetseratu (Confidence = 100%), ndiye PoP ikuyimira gawo la dera lomwe lidzalandira mvula.
Paris Street; Tsiku la Mvula,Gustave Caillebotte (1848-1894) Chicago Art Institute Public Domain
Mwayi wa mvula umadalira chidaliro ndi dera. Sindinadziwe zimenezo. Ndikukayikira kuti anthu enanso sakudziwa zimenezo. Pafupifupi 75% ya anthu samamvetsetsa bwino momwe PoP imawerengedwera, kapena kuti ikutanthauza chiyani. Kotero, kodi ife tikupusitsidwa, kapena, kodi ili ndi vuto la kuzindikira. Tizitcha kuti kuzindikira kwamvula. Kodi timaimba mlandu wolosera zanyengo? Kunena chilungamo, pali zina chisokonezo pakati pa olosera zanyengo, nawonso. Mmodzi kafukufuku, 43% ya akatswiri a zanyengo omwe anafunsidwa adanena kuti pali kugwirizana kochepa pakutanthauzira kwa PoP.
Kusanthula Kokha Ndikokondera
Pazinthu zisanu zomwe zimakhudza, kusanthula komweko kungakhale kodabwitsa kwambiri. Mu kafukufuku wa sayansi womwe umapangitsa kuti pepala lowunikiridwa lisindikizidwe, kawirikawiri chiphunzitsocho chimangoganiziridwa, njira zimatanthauzidwa kuti ziyese malingaliro, deta imasonkhanitsidwa, ndiye kuti deta ikufufuzidwa. Mtundu wa kusanthula komwe kumachitidwa ndi momwe kumachitikira sikuyamikiridwa ndi momwe zimakhudzira zomaliza. Mu a pepala lofalitsidwa koyambirira kwa chaka chino (Januware 2022), mu International Journal of Cancer, olembawo adawunika ngati zotsatira za mayeso oyendetsedwa mwachisawawa komanso maphunziro owunikiranso. Zotsatira zawo zidatsimikizira kuti,
Pakusankha kosiyanasiyana pakufufuza kofananirako, tidapanga zotsatira zosiyana. Zotsatira zathu zimasonyeza kuti maphunziro ena owonetseratu angapeze kuti chithandizo chimapangitsa zotsatira zabwino kwa odwala, pamene kafukufuku wina wofanana angapeze kuti sichoncho, kungotengera zosankha zowunikira.
M'mbuyomu, powerenga nkhani ya m'magazini ya sayansi, ngati muli ngati ine, mwina mumaganiza kuti zotsatira kapena mfundo zonse zokhudzana ndi deta. Tsopano, zikuwoneka kuti zotsatira, kapena ngati lingaliro loyambirira likutsimikiziridwa kapena kutsutsidwa lingadalirenso njira yowunikira.
china phunziro anapeza zotsatira zofanana. Nkhaniyi, Ofufuza Ambiri, Seti Ya data Imodzi: Kupanga Zowonekera Momwe Zosankha Zosankha Zimakhudzira Zotsatira, akufotokoza momwe adaperekera deta yofanana kumagulu 29 osiyanasiyana kuti aunike. Kusanthula deta nthawi zambiri kumawoneka ngati njira yokhwima, yodziwika bwino yomwe imatsogolera ku mapeto amodzi.
Ngakhale akatswiri amatsutsa, n'zosavuta kunyalanyaza mfundo yakuti zotsatira zingadalire njira yowunikira yomwe yasankhidwa, yomwe ili yodzaza ndi malingaliro, malingaliro, ndi zosankha. Nthawi zambiri, pali njira zambiri zomveka (komanso zambiri zopanda nzeru) zowunikira zomwe zili ndi funso lofufuza.
Ofufuzawo adapeza kusanthula kwa datayo ndipo adatsimikiza kuti kafukufuku wonse amaphatikiza zisankho zokhazikika - kuphatikiza mtundu wanji wa kusanthula kuti agwiritse ntchito - zomwe zingakhudze zotsatira zomaliza za kafukufukuyu.
Malingaliro a wina wofufuza amene adasanthula phunziro lomwe lili pamwambali akuyenera kukhala osamala pogwiritsa ntchito pepala limodzi popanga zisankho kapena popanga mfundo.
Kuthana ndi Bias mu Analytics
Izi zimangotanthauza kuti chenjezo. Kudziwa kungatithandize kuti tisamachite zachinyengo. Kudziwa zambiri za njira zomwe makina ojambulira angagwiritsire ntchito kutipusitsa, m'pamenenso sangatitengere, kunena, kunena, kusokera kwa wonyamula, kapena nkhani yosalala ya sewero la Ponzi. Ndi momwemonso kumvetsetsa ndi kuzindikira zomwe zingakhudze ma analytics athu. Ngati tikudziwa zomwe zingachitike, titha kufotokoza bwino nkhaniyo ndikusankha bwino.
