I-Shadow IT: Ukulungelelanisa imingcipheko kunye neeNzuzo kuwo wonke umbutho ojongene nawo

Abstract

Ukuzinikezela ngengxelo yokuzenzela lilizwe lesithembiso laloo mini. Ingaba iTableau, iCognos Analytics, iQlik Sense, okanye esinye isixhobo sokuhlalutya, bonke abathengisi babonakala bekhuthaza ukufunyanwa kwedatha yokuzenzela kunye nohlalutyo. Nge-self-service iza ne-Shadow IT. Siyibeka loo nto zonke imibutho ikhathazwa yi-Shadow IT elele emthunzini, ukuya kwelinye inqanaba okanye kwelinye. Isisombululo kukukhanyisa ukukhanya kuyo, ukulawula imingcipheko kunye nokwandisa inzuzo. 

isishwankathelo

Kweli phepha limhlophe siza kugubungela inguquko yokubika kunye neemfihlo ezimdaka ekungekho mntu uthetha ngazo. Izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zifuna iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Ngamanye amaxesha kwaneengcamango.  Iingcamango "ziinkcazo ezidibeneyo, ithiyori kunye neenjongo ezenza inkqubo yentlalo-ntle." Asiyi kufumana intlalontle kodwa andikwazi ukucinga igama ukuhambisa ishishini kunye nenkqubo IT. Ndiya kuqwalasela i-database ye-Kimball-Inmon yohlula ingxoxo yengcamango ngendlela efanayo. Ngamanye amazwi, indlela othetha ngayo, okanye indlela ocinga ngayo, iqhuba izenzo zakho.  

imvelaphi

xa IBM 5100 PC yayiyimeko yobugcisa, i-$ 10,000 yayiza kukufumana i-5-intshi yesikrini ngekhibhodi eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi, i-16K RAM kunye ne-tape drive. enobunzima obungaphezulu nje kweekhilogram ezingama-50. Ifanelekile ukuba i-accounting, oku kuya kudibaniswa kwi-disk-standing array ubukhulu bekhabhinethi encinci yokufakela. Nayiphi na i-computing enzulu yayisenziwa kusetyenziswa iitheminali kwi-timeshare ye-mainframe. (umfanekiso)

"Ba sebenzi” ilawule iiPC ezinemixokelelwane yedaisy kwaye ilawule ukufikelela kwihlabathi langaphandle. Amaqela abaqhubi, okanye ii-sysadmins zamva nje kunye ne-devops, akhule ukuze axhase ubuchwephesha obukhula rhoqo. Iteknoloji yayinkulu. Amaqela ebewaphethe ebemakhulu.

Ulawulo lwamashishini kunye nengxelo ekhokelwa yi-IT ibe yinto eqhelekileyo ukususela ekuqaleni kwexesha lekhompyutha. Le ngcamango yakhelwe kwindlela eqinileyo, egcinayo yokuba "iNkampani" ilawule izixhobo kwaye iya kukubonelela ngento oyifunayo. Ukuba ufuna ingxelo yesiko, okanye ingxelo ngexesha elibe liphelile, kufuneka ungenise isicelo.  

Inkqubo yayicotha. Kwakungekho nto intsha. U-Agile wayengekho. Kwaye, njengechibi lamandulo labefundisi, isebe le-IT lalithathwa ngokuba liphezulu.

Nangona kukho ukuhla, kwenziwa ngesizathu. Kwakukho iingenelo ezithile ngokwenza oku. Kwakukho iinkqubo ezilandelwa ngumntu wonke. Iifomu zagcwaliswa ngokuphindwe kathathu kwaye zahanjiswa ngeposi ye-interoffice. Izicelo zedatha kulo lonke umbutho zahlelwa, zaxutywa, zabekwa phambili kwaye zasetyenziswa ngendlela eqikelelwayo.  

Kwakukho ugcino lwedatha enye kunye nesixhobo esinye sokunika ingxelo kwishishini ngokubanzi. Iingxelo ezinkonkxiweyo ezenziwe liqela eliphakathi zibonelele a inguqulelo enye yenyaniso. Ukuba amanani ebengalunganga, wonke umntu ebesebenza ukusuka kumanani angachanekanga afanayo. Kukho into enokuthiwa ukuhambelana kwangaphakathi.

Ulawulo lwale ndlela yoshishino lwaluqikelelwa kwangaphambili. Yayiqingqa imali.  

Kwandula ke ngenye imini kwiminyaka eli-15 okanye engama-20 eyadlulayo, konke oko kwagqabhuka. Kwabakho uvukelo. Amandla okubala andiswa.  UMthetho kaMorey - "amandla okusebenza kweekhompyuter aya kuphinda kabini emva kweminyaka emibini" - athotyelwa. IiPC zazincinci kwaye zikho kuyo yonke indawo.   

Iinkampani ezininzi zaqala ukwenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kwidatha endaweni yethuku lethumbu ebelisebenzisa iminyaka emininzi kangaka. Baye baqonda ukuba iinkokeli kwishishini labo zenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kwidatha yembali. Kungekudala idatha yaba kufutshane nexesha lokwenyani. Ekugqibeleni, ingxelo yaba yinto eqikelelwayo. Kwakuyinto enqabileyo ekuqaleni, kodwa yayisisiqalo sokusebenzisa uhlalutyo ukuqhuba izigqibo zoshishino.

Kwakukho utshintsho ekuqeshweni abahlalutyi bedatha abaninzi kunye nososayensi bedatha ukunceda abaphathi baqonde indawo yokuthengisa kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezingcono. Kodwa kwenzeka into ehlekisayo. Iqela le-IT eliphakathi alizange lilandele umkhwa ofanayo kunye nokuncipha kweekhompyutheni zomntu. Ayizange isebenze ngokukhawuleza kwaye ibe ncinci.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuphendula kubuchwephesha obunatyisiweyo, iqela le-IT nalo laqala ukunatyiswa ngakumbi. Okanye, ubuncinci iindima ebezikade ziyinxalenye ye-IT, ngoku beziyinxalenye yeeyunithi zoshishino. Abahlalutyi abaqondayo idatha kunye neshishini lifakwe kwisebe ngalinye. Abaphathi baqala ukubuza abahlalutyi babo ngolwazi olungakumbi. Abahlalutyi bathi, “Kuza kufuneka ndigcwalise izicelo zedatha ngokuphindwe kathathu. Eyokuqala izakuvunywa kwintlanganiso yale nyanga yokubaluleka kwedatha. Emva koko kungathatha iveki okanye ezimbini ukuba i-IT iqhubekisele phambili isicelo sethu sedatha - kuxhomekeke kumthwalo wabo wokusebenza. KODWA,... ukuba bendinokufikelela nje kwindawo yokugcina idatha, bendinokukubuza umbuzo ngale mvakwemini.” Kwaye kunjalo.

Utshintsho lokuzisebenzela sele luqalile. Isebe le-IT lenze lula ukubamba kwalo kwizitshixo zedatha. Abathengisi bengxelo kunye nohlalutyo baqala ukwamkela ifilosofi entsha. Yayiyiparadigm entsha. Abasebenzisi bafumana izixhobo ezitsha zokufikelela kwidatha. Baye bafumanisa ukuba banokudlula kwi-bureaucracy ukuba banokufikelela kwidatha. Emva koko banokwenza uhlalutyo lwabo kwaye banciphise ixesha lokutshintsha ngokuqhuba imibuzo yabo.

Izibonelelo zokuzinikezela ingxelo kunye nohlalutyo

Ukubonelela ngofikelelo oluthe ngqo kwidatha kubantu abaninzi kunye nengxelo yokuzenzela inkonzo kusombulula inani leengxaki,

1. Kugxilwe.  Izixhobo ezakhelwe injongo ebezifikeleleka lula zithathe indawo yengxelo yelifa enye, edala, eneenjongo ezininzi kunye nesixhobo sokuhlalutya ukuxhasa bonke abasebenzisi kunye nokuphendula yonke imibuzo. 
2. Agile.  Ngaphambili, iiyunithi zoshishino bezithintelwa yimveliso ephantsi. Ukufikelela kwidatha yenyanga ephelileyo kuphela kukhokelele ekungakwazini ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza. Ukuvula indawo yokugcina idatha kwenze mfutshane inkqubo evumela abo basondeleyo kwishishini ukuba basebenze ngokukhawuleza, bafumanise iindlela ezibalulekileyo kwaye benze izigqibo ngokukhawuleza. Ngaloo ndlela, ukunyuka kwesantya kunye nexabiso ledatha.
3. Amandla. Endaweni yokuba abasebenzisi baxhomekeke kubuchule kunye nokufumaneka kwabanye ukuze babenzele izigqibo, banikwe izixhobo, igunya, ithuba, kunye nenkuthazo yokwenza umsebenzi wabo. Ngoko ke, abasebenzisi baye baxhotyiswa besebenzisa isixhobo sokuzisebenzela esinokubakhulula ekuthembeleni kwabanye kumbutho ukuze bafikelele kwiinkcukacha kunye nokudalwa kohlalutyo ngokwalo.

Imingeni yengxelo yokuzenzela inkonzo kunye nohlalutyo

Nangona kunjalo, kwingxelo nganye yokuzenzela inkonzo esonjululweyo, idale ezinye ezininzi. Izixhobo zokunika ingxelo kunye ne-analytics azizange zisalawulwa phakathi liqela le-IT. Ke, ezinye izinto ezingakhange zibe yingxaki xa iqela elinye likwazile ukunika ingxelo kwaba ngumngeni. Izinto ezifana nokuqinisekiswa komgangatho, ulawulo lwenguqulelo, amaxwebhu kunye neenkqubo ezifana nolawulo lokukhululwa okanye ukuthunyelwa kwakuzinyamekela xa zilawulwa liqela elincinci. Apho bekukho imigangatho yoshishino yokunika ingxelo kunye nolawulo lwedatha, bebengasayi kuphinda banyanzeliswe. Kwakungekho ukuqonda okuncinci okanye ukubonakala kwinto eyenzekayo ngaphandle kwe-IT. Ulawulo lotshintsho lwalungekho. 

Ezi meko zilawulwa lisebe zisebenze njenge uqoqosho lwesithunzi elibhekisa kwishishini elenzeka 'phantsi kwerada', le yiShadow IT. IWikipedia ichaza iShadow IT njenge “ezobuchwepheshe (IT) iinkqubo ezisetyenziswe ngamasebe ngaphandle kwesebe le-IT eliphakathi, ukusebenzela ukusilela kwiinkqubo zolwazi ezisembindini.” Abanye bayachaza Mthunzi IT ngakumbi broadngokubandakanya nayiphi na iprojekthi, iinkqubo, iinkqubo okanye iinkqubo ezingaphandle kolawulo lwe-IT okanye i-infosec.

Yhuu! Yehlisa isantya. Ukuba iShadow IT yiyo nayiphi na iprojekthi, inkqubo, inkqubo okanye inkqubo engalawulwa yi-IT, ngoko igcwele kakhulu kunokuba besicinga. Ikho kuyo yonke indawo. Ukuthetha ngokucacileyo, zonke umbutho uneShadow IT nokuba bayayivuma okanye hayi.  Yehla nje ukuya kumbandela wesidanga. Impumelelo yombutho ekujonganeni ne-Shadow IT ixhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela abajongana ngayo nemingeni ephambili.

• ukhuseleko. Phezulu kuluhlu lwemiba eyenziwe nguShadow IT yi iingozi zokhuseleko. Cinga ngeemakhrosi. Cinga ngeespredishithi ezine-PMI kunye ne-PHI ezithunyelwe nge-imeyile ngaphandle kombutho.
• Umngcipheko ophezulu wokulahleka kwedatha.  Kwakhona, ngenxa yokungahambelani ekuphunyezweni okanye kwiinkqubo, ukuphunyezwa komntu ngamnye kunokwahluka. Oku kwenza kube nzima ukungqina ukuba iindlela zoshishino ezisele zikhona ziyalandelwa. Ngaphaya koko, kwenza kube nzima nokuthobela izicelo zophicotho-zincwadi ezilula zokusetyenziswa kunye nokufikelela.
• Imiba yokuthotyelwa.  Ngokunxulumene nemiba yophicotho-zincwadi, kukwakho ukwanda kwamathuba okufikelela kwidatha kunye nokuhamba kwedatha, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuthobela imigaqo efana Umthetho weSarbanes-Oxley, GAAP (IMigaqo yoCwangciso-mali eyaMkelwe ngokubanzi), HIPAA (UMthetho we-Inshurensi yezeMpilo kunye noMthetho woxanduva lokuphendula) kunye nabanye
• Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kofikelelo lwedatha.  Nangona enye yeengxaki ezisasaza i-IT izama ukuyicombulula kukukhawuleza kwidatha, iziphumo ezingalindelekanga ziquka iindleko ezifihliweyo kubasebenzi abangengabo-IT kwezemali, ukuthengisa, kunye ne-HR, umzekelo, abachitha ixesha labo bexoxa ngokunyaniseka kwedatha, ukuxolelana kunye ne-HR. amanani ummelwane wabo kunye nokuzama ukulawula isoftwe ngesihlalo iibhulukhwe zabo.
• Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwinkqubo. Xa iteknoloji yamkelwa ngamacandelo amaninzi amashishini ngokuzimeleyo, ngoko ke, iinkqubo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwazo kunye nokuthunyelwa. Ezinye zinokusebenza kakuhle. Abanye hayi kakhulu.  
• Ingqiqo yoshishino engahambelaniyo kunye neenkcazo. Akukho mgcini-sango ukuseka imigangatho, ukungahambelani kunokwenzeka ukuba kuphuhliswe ngenxa yokungabikho kovavanyo kunye nokulawulwa kwenguqulo. Ngaphandle kwendlela edibeneyo yedatha okanye imethadatha ishishini alisenayo inguqulelo enye yenyaniso. Amasebe anokwenza ngokulula izigqibo zoshishino ngokusekelwe kwidatha ephosakeleyo okanye engaphelelanga.
• Ukunqongophala kolungelelwaniso nombono woshishino.  I-Shadow IT ihlala inciphisa ukufezekiswa kwe-ROI. Iinkqubo ezimanyanisiweyo ezikhoyo zokuthethathethana ngeekhontrakthi zabathengisi kunye nezivumelwano ezinkulu ngamanye amaxesha ziyagqithiswa. Oku kunokukhokelela ekugqithiseni iilayisenisi kunye neenkqubo eziphindwe kabini. Ngaphezulu, iphazamisa ukulandelwa kweenjongo zombutho kunye nezicwangciso zeqhinga le-IT.

Eyona nto iphambili kukuba iinjongo ezintle zokwamkela ingxelo yokuzenzela inkonzo ikhokelele kwiziphumo ebezingalindelekanga. Imingeni inokushwankathelwa ibe ngamacandelo amathathu: ulawulo, ukhuseleko, kunye nolungelelwaniso lweshishini.

Ungenzi mpazamo, amashishini afuna abasebenzisi abaxhotyisiweyo abasebenzisa idatha yexesha lokwenyani ngezixhobo zangoku. Bakwafuna uqeqesho lolawulo lotshintsho, ulawulo lokukhululwa kunye nolawulo lwenguqulo. Ke, ngaba ukuzenzela inkonzo/BI yinkohliso? Ngaba ungayifumana ibhalansi phakathi kokuzimela nolawulo? Ngaba unokulawula into ongayiboniyo?

the Solution

I-BI Self-Service Spectrum 

Isithunzi asisesosithunzi ukuba usikhanyisele ngesibane. Ngendlela efanayo, i-Shadow IT ayisasayi koyikwa ukuba iziswe phezulu. Ekuvezeni i-Shadow IT, unokuthatha ithuba leenzuzo zokuzinikezela ngeenkonzo ezifunwa ngabasebenzisi beshishini ngelixa kwangaxeshanye behlisa umngcipheko ngolawulo. I-Shadow elawulayo ye-IT ivakala njenge-oxymoron, kodwa, eneneni, yindlela elungeleleneyo yokuzisa ukongamela kwinkonzo yobuqu.

Ndiyathanda lo Isifaniso sombhali (ibolekwe kwi Kimball) ye-self-service BI/enika ingxelo efaniswa ne-buffet yokutyela. I-buffet yinkonzo yokuzimela ngengqiqo yokuba ungafumana nantoni na oyifunayo uze uyibuyisele etafileni yakho. Oko akuthethi ukuba uya kungena ekhitshini kwaye ubeke i-steak yakho kwi-grill ngokwakho. Usamdinga laa chef neqela lakhe lasekhitshini. Kuyafana ne-self-service reporting / BI, uya kuhlala ufuna iqela le-IT ukulungiselela i-buffet yedatha ngokukhupha, ukuguqulwa, ukugcinwa, ukugcinwa, ukugcinwa, ukulinganisa, ukubuza, kunye nokulawula.  

I-buffet onokuthi uyitye inokuba lula kakhulu kwisifaniso. Into esiyiqapheleyo kukuba kukho amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuthatha inxaxheba kweqela lekhitshi lokutyela. Abanye, njenge-buffet yesiko, balungisa ukutya ngasemva kwaye babeke i-smorgasbord xa sele ilungele ukutyiwa. Okufuneka ukwenze kukulayisha ipleyiti yakho kwaye uyibuyisele etafileni yakho. Le yiLas Vegas MGM Grand Buffet okanye imodeli yeshishini leGolden Corral. Kwelinye icala lembonakalo, ngamashishini afana neChef yaseKhaya, iApron eBlue kunye neMolo eNtsha, ehambisa iresiphi kunye nezithako kumnyango wakho. Kufuneka indibano ethile. Benza ukuthenga kunye nokucwangcisa ukutya. Wenza okuseleyo.

Endaweni ethile phakathi, mhlawumbi, ziindawo ezifana neMongolia Grill ezilungiselele izithako kodwa zibeke ukuba ukhethe kwaye unike ipleyiti yakho yenyama ekrwada kunye nemifuno kumpheki ukuba ayibeke emlilweni. Kule meko, impumelelo yesiphumo sokugqibela ixhomekeke (ubuncinci inxalenye) kuwe ukuba ukhethe umxube wezithako kunye neesosi ezihamba kakuhle. Kwakhona kuxhomekeke kulungiselelo kunye nomgangatho wokutya omele ukhethe kuwo, kunye nobuchule bompheki oye wongeza ngamanye amaxesha ukubamba kwakhe.

I-BI Self-Service Spectrum

Uhlalutyo lokuzisebenzela luyafana. Imibutho ene-analytics yenkonzo yobuqu ithande ukuwa kwindawo ethile kwi-spectrum. Kwesinye isiphelo se-spectrum yimibutho, njenge-MGM Grand Buffet, apho iqela le-IT lisenza yonke idatha kunye nokulungiswa kweemethadatha, likhetha uhlalutyo lweshishini kunye nesixhobo sokunika ingxelo kwaye linikezela kumsebenzisi wokugqibela. Yonke into ekufuneka yenziwe ngumsebenzisi wokugqibela kukukhetha izinto zedatha afuna ukuzibona kwaye aqhube ingxelo. Ekuphela kwento yokuzisebenzela ngalo mzekelo kukuba ingxelo ayikadalwa liqela le-IT. Ifilosofi yemibutho esebenzisa i-Cognos Analytics iwela kwesi siphelo se-spectrum.

Imibutho efana ngokusondeleyo neekhithi zokutya eziziswe kumnyango wakho idla ngokunika abasebenzisi bayo bokugqibela “ikhithi yedatha” ebandakanya idatha abayidingayo kunye nokukhetha izixhobo abanokufikelela kuzo. Lo mzekelo ufuna ukuba umsebenzisi aqonde ngcono zombini idatha kunye nesixhobo sokufumana iimpendulo abazidingayo. Kumava ethu, iinkampani ezisebenzisa iQlik Sense kunye neTableau zidla ngokuwela kolu didi.

Izixhobo zeShishini ezifana ne-Power BI zifana neMongolia Grill - kwindawo ethile phakathi.  

Nangona singenza ngokubanzi kwaye sibeke imibutho esebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlalutya kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze "BI Self-Service Spectrum", inyaniso kukuba isikhundla sinokutshintsha ngenxa yezinto ezininzi: inkampani inokwamkela iteknoloji entsha, ubuchule bomsebenzisi bunokwanda, ulawulo. isenokuyalela indlela yokujongana nayo, okanye ishishini lisenokuvela nje libe yimodeli evuleleke ngakumbi yokuzenzela nenkululeko ethe chatha kubasebenzisi bedata. Ngapha koko, indawo kwi-spectrum inokwahluka kwiiyunithi zoshishino ngaphakathi kumbutho omnye.  

I-Evolution ye-Analytics

Ngokutshintshela ekuzisebenzeleni kwaye njengoko imibutho isiya ngasekunene kwiBI Buffet Spectrum, amaZiko olawulo lobuzwilakhe bemveli athatyathelw’ indawo ngoluntu olusebenzisanayo. I-IT inokuthatha inxaxheba kula maqela anematriki anceda ukuhlalisana ngezona nkqubo zingcono kumaqela okuhambisa. Oku kuvumela amaqela ophuhliso kwicala leshishini ukuba agcine ukuzimela geqe ngelixa esebenza ngaphakathi kwemida yoshishino yolawulo kunye nezakhiwo.

I-IT kufuneka ihlale iphaphile. Abasebenzisi abazenzela ezabo iingxelo-kwaye kwezinye iimeko, iimodeli-zisenokungazazi iingozi zokhuseleko lwedatha. Ekuphela kwendlela yokuthintela ukuvuza okunokwenzeka kokhuseleko kukukhangela umxholo omtsha kwaye uvavanye ukuthotyelwa kwawo.

Impumelelo ye-Shadow IT elawulwayo imalunga neenkqubo ezikhoyo zokuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yabucala iyathotyelwa. 

IiParadoksi zokuziSebenzisa 

Uhlalutyo olulawulwayo lokuzisebenzela ludibanisa amandla epolar abeka inkululeko ngokuchasene nolawulo. Oku kuguquguqukayo kudlala kwiindawo ezininzi zoshishino kunye nobuchwepheshe: isantya xa kuthelekiswa nemigangatho; inguqulelo xa ithelekiswa nemisebenzi; ubuchule obuchasene noyilo lwezakhiwo; kunye neemfuno zesebe xa zithelekiswa nemidla yequmrhu.

-Wayne Erickson

Izixhobo zokulawula i-Shadow IT

Ukulinganisa imingcipheko kunye neenzuzo ngundoqo ekuphuhliseni umgaqo-nkqubo we-IT we-Shadow ozinzileyo. I-Leveraging Shadow IT ukufumanisa iinkqubo ezintsha kunye nezixhobo ezinokuvumela bonke abasebenzi ukuba bagqwese kwiindima zabo kukuziqhelanisa noshishino olukrelekrele. Izixhobo ezinamandla okudibanisa neenkqubo ezininzi zinika iinkampani isisombululo esinokukholisa zombini i-IT kunye neshishini.

Imingcipheko kunye nemingeni ephakanyiswe yi-Shadow IT ingancitshiswa kakhulu ngokuphumeza iinkqubo zokulawula ukuqinisekisa ukuba idatha esemgangathweni iyafumaneka kubo bonke abayidingayo ngokufikelela kwinkonzo yobuqu.

Imibuzo ephambili 

Imibuzo ephambili yoKhuseleko lwe-IT kufuneka lukwazi ukuphendula ngokunxulumene neShadow IT Ukubonakala kunye noLawulo. Ukuba uneenkqubo okanye iinkqubo endaweni yokuphendula le mibuzo, kuya kufuneka ukwazi ukudlula icandelo le-Shadow IT lophicotho lokhuseleko:

1. Ingaba unayo ipolisi egubungela i-Shadow IT?
2. Ngaba unokudwelisa ngokulula zonke izicelo ezisetyenziswa kumbutho wakho? Amanqaku ebhonasi ukuba unolwazi ngoguqulelo kunye nenqanaba lokulungisa.
3. Ngaba uyazi ukuba ngubani oguqule i-asethi yohlalutyo kwimveliso?
4. Ngaba uyazi ukuba ngubani osebenzisa usetyenziso lwe-Shadow IT?
5. Ngaba uyazi ukuba umxholo okwimveliso ugqibele nini ukulungiswa?
6. Ngaba unokubuyela ngokulula kuguqulelo lwangaphambili ukuba kukho iziphene kushicilelo lwemveliso?
7. Ngaba uyakwazi ukubuyisela iifayile zomntu ngokulula kwimeko yentlekele?
8. Yeyiphi inkqubo oyisebenzisayo ukuphelisa ugunyaziso lwee-artifacts?
9. Ngaba ungabonisa ukuba ngabasebenzisi abavunyiweyo kuphela abafikelele kwisistim kunye neefayile ezinyusiweyo?
10. Ukuba ufumanisa isiphene kumanani akho, wazi njani ukuba yaziswa nini (kwaye ngubani)?

isiphelo

I-Shadow IT kwiifom zayo ezininzi ilapha ukuhlala. Kufuneka sikhanyise ukukhanya kuyo kwaye siyibhence ukuze sikwazi ukulawula imingcipheko ngelixa sisebenzisa inzuzo yayo. Inokwenza abasebenzi bavelise ngakumbi kwaye amashishini enze izinto ezintsha. Nangona kunjalo, ihlombe leenzuzo lifanele lithotywe lukhuseleko, ukuthotyelwa kunye nolawulo.   

Ucaphulo

UngaPhumelela njani ngokuSelf-Service Analytics Ukulinganisa ukuXhotyiswa kunye noLawulo

Inkcazo yeengcamango, iMerriam-Webster

Inkcazo yoQoqosho lwesithunzi, Iindaba zoShishino lweMarike

Shadow IT, Wikipedia 

I-Shadow IT: imbono yeCIO

Inguqulelo enye yenyaniso, iWikipedia

Ukuphumelela ngoHlalutyi lokuSebenza ngokuSelf: Qinisekisa iiNgxelo eziNtsha

I-IT yokuSebenza iModeli ye-Evolution

I-self-Service BI Hoax

Yintoni iShadow IT?, McAfee

Yintoni omawuyenze malunga neShadow IT