I-Shadow IT: Ukulinganisa Izingozi Nezinzuzo Yonke Inhlangano Ebhekene Nayo

abstract

Ukuzibika ngokwakho kuyizwe lesethembiso langaleso sikhathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-Tableau, i-Cognos Analytics, i-Qlik Sense, noma elinye ithuluzi lezibalo, bonke abathengisi babonakala bephromotha ukutholwa nokuhlaziywa kwedatha yokuzisiza. Ngokuzisiza kuza ne-Shadow IT. Sikubeka lokho konke izinhlangano zihlushwa i-Shadow IT ecasha ethunzini, ngokwezinga elithile noma kwelinye. Isixazululo ukuwukhanyisa, ukuphatha ubungozi futhi wandise izinzuzo. 

Uhlolojikelele

Kuleli phepha elimhlophe sizokhuluma ngenguquko yokubika kanye nezimfihlo ezingcolile okungekho muntu okhuluma ngazo. Amathuluzi ahlukene adinga izinqubo ezahlukene. Ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nemibono.  Imibono "izisho ezididiyelwe, imibono kanye nezinhloso ezakha uhlelo lwepolitiki yezenhlalo." Ngeke sithole kwezenhlalo kodwa angikwazi ukucabanga ngegama lokudlulisa ibhizinisi nohlelo lwe-IT. Ngingacabanga ukuthi isizindalwazi seKimball-Inmon sihlukanise impikiswano yemibono ngendlela efanayo. Ngamanye amazwi, indlela oziphatha ngayo, noma indlela ocabanga ngayo, iqhuba izenzo zakho.  

Background

Lapho I-IBM 5100 PC bekuyisimo sobuciko, u-$10,000 ubuzokutholela isikrini esingu-5-intshi esinekhibhodi eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, i-RAM engu-16K kanye nedrayivu ye-tape. isisindo singaphezudlwana kwamakhilogremu angama-50. Ifaneleka ukubalwa kwezimali, lokhu kuzoxhunywa kuhlelo lwediski oluma mahhala olulingana nekhabhinethi encane yokufaka. Noma yikuphi ukwenza ikhompuyutha okubalulekile kwakusenziwa ngamatheminali kushare lesikhathi lozimele omkhulu. (isithombe)

"Operators” iphathe ama-PC ane-daisy-chain futhi ilawula ukufinyelela emhlabeni wangaphandle. Amaqembu okusebenza, noma ama-sysadmin nama-devops akamuva, akhule asekela ubuchwepheshe obukhula njalo. Ubuchwepheshe babubukhulu. Amaqembu abewaphethe abemakhulu.

Ukuphathwa kwebhizinisi kanye nokubika okuholwa yi-IT bekuyinsakavukela kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkathi yamakhompyutha. Lo mbono wakhelwe phezu kwendlela eqinile, eqinile yokuthi “Inkampani” iphethe izinsiza futhi izokunikeza lokho okudingayo. Uma udinga umbiko wangokwezifiso, noma umbiko esikhathini esidlule, udinga ukuthumela isicelo.  

Inqubo yayihamba kancane. Kwakungekho okusha. I-Agile yayingekho. Futhi, njengechibi lasendulo labefundisi, umnyango we-IT wawubhekwa njengophezulu.

Naphezu kokwehla, kwenziwa ngesizathu. Kwakunezinzuzo ezithile ngokwenza ngale ndlela. Bekunezinqubo ezilandelwa yiwo wonke umuntu. Amafomu agcwaliswa ngamathathu futhi ahanjiswa ngeposi le-interoffice. Izicelo zedatha ezivela kuyo yonke inhlangano zahlungwa, zashova, zabekwa eqhulwini futhi zasetshenziswa ngendlela ebikezelwayo.  

Bekunendawo yokugcina idatha eyodwa kanye nethuluzi elilodwa lokubika lebhizinisi elibanzi. Imibiko ekheniwe edalwe ithimba elimaphakathi ihlinzekwe a inguqulo eyodwa yeqiniso. Uma izinombolo bezingalungile, wonke umuntu ubesebenzisa izinombolo ezingalungile ezifanayo. Kukhona okumele kushiwo mayelana nokuvumelana kwangaphakathi.

Ukuphathwa kwale ndlela yokwenza ibhizinisi kwakubikezelwa. Ibhajethi yayifanele.  

Kwathi ngolunye usuku eminyakeni engu-15 noma engu-20 edlule, konke lokho kwaqhuma. Kwaba noguquko. Amandla ekhompyutha anwetshiwe.  Umthetho ka Moore - "amandla okucubungula amakhompiyutha azophinda kabili njalo eminyakeni emibili" - walalelwa. Ama-PC ayemancane futhi etholakala yonke indawo.   

Izinkampani eziningi zaqala ukwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe kudatha esikhundleni semizwa yamathumbu ezaziyisebenzise iminyaka eminingi kangaka. Baqaphela ukuthi abaholi embonini yabo benza izinqumo ezisekelwe emininingwaneni yomlando. Ngokushesha idatha yasondela esikhathini sangempela. Ekugcineni, ukubika kwaba ukubikezela. Kwakuyindida ekuqaleni, kepha kwakuyisiqalo sokusebenzisa izibalo ukushayela izinqumo zebhizinisi.

Kube khona ushintsho ekuqasheni abahlaziyi bedatha abengeziwe nososayensi bedatha ukuze basize abaphathi baqonde indawo yemakethe futhi benze izinqumo ezingcono. Kodwa kwenzeka into ehlekisayo. Ithimba le-IT eliphakathi alizange lilandele inkambiso efanayo namakhompyutha omuntu anciphayo. Ayizange isebenze ngokushesha futhi ibe mncane.

Kodwa-ke, ekuphenduleni ubuchwepheshe obusabalalisiwe, ithimba le-IT nalo laqala ukunwetshwa kakhulu. Noma, okungenani izindima ebeziyingxenye ye-IT, manje zase ziyingxenye yamayunithi ebhizinisi. Abahlaziyi abaqonda idatha nebhizinisi bashumekwe kuyo yonke iminyango. Abaphathi baqala ukubuza abahlaziyi babo ukuze bathole ulwazi olwengeziwe. Abahlaziyi bona, bathi “Ngizodinga ukugcwalisa izicelo zedatha ngokuphindwe kathathu. Ukuqala okuzogunyazwa kumhlangano wale nyanga wokubeka kuqala idatha. Bese kungathatha isonto noma amabili ukuthi i-IT icubungule isicelo sethu sedatha - kuye ngomthwalo wabo wokusebenza. KODWA,... uma ngingathola nje ukufinyelela endaweni yokugcina idatha, ngingakubuza umbuzo ntambama.” Futhi kunjalo.

Ushintsho lokuzisiza lwase luqalile. Umnyango we-IT wehlise ukubamba kwawo okhiye bedatha. Abathengisi bokubika nokuhlaziya baqala ukwamukela ifilosofi entsha. Kwakuyi-paradigm entsha. Abasebenzisi bathole amathuluzi amasha okufinyelela idatha. Bathole ukuthi bangakwazi ukweqa umthetho uma bekwazi ukufinyelela kudatha. Khona-ke bangakwazi ukwenza ukuhlaziya kwabo futhi banciphise isikhathi sokushintsha ngokuphendula imibuzo yabo.

Izinzuzo zokuzibika kokuzenzela kanye nezibalo

Ukunikeza ukufinyelela okuqondile kudatha kubantu abaningi kanye nokubika kokuzisiza kuxazulule izinkinga eziningi,

1. Kugxilile.  Amathuluzi akhelwe inhloso abefinyeleleka kalula athathele indawo yokubika kwefa okulodwa, okwakudala, okunezinjongo eziningi kanye nethuluzi lokuhlaziya ukusekela bonke abasebenzisi nokuphendula yonke imibuzo. 
2. Iyashesha.  Phambilini, amayunithi ebhizinisi abephazanyiswa wukukhiqiza okungekuhle. Ukufinyelela kudatha yenyanga edlule kuphela kuholele ekungakwazini ukusebenza ngokushesha. Ukuvula indawo yokugcina idatha kufinyeze inqubo okuvumela labo abaseduze nebhizinisi ukuthi basebenze ngokushesha okukhulu, bathole amathrendi abalulekile futhi benze izinqumo ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngakho, ukwanda kwesivinini kanye nenani ledatha.
3. Unikwe amandla. Esikhundleni sokuthi abasebenzisi bathembele elwazini nasekutholakaleni kwabanye ukuze babenzele izinqumo, banikezwe izinsiza, igunya, ithuba, kanye nogqozi lokwenza umsebenzi wabo. Ngakho-ke, abasebenzisi baba namandla ngokusebenzisa ithuluzi lokuzisiza elingabakhulula ekuthembeleni kwabanye enhlanganweni kukho kokubili ukufinyelela kudatha nokudala ukuhlaziya ngokwako.

Izinselelo zokuzibika kokuzenzela kanye nezibalo

Kodwa-ke, ngenkinga ngayinye yokubika ngokuzisiza okuxazululiwe, kudale ezinye ezimbalwa. Amathuluzi okubika nawokuhlaziya ayengasaphathwa emaphakathi ithimba le-IT. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izinto ezingezona izinkinga lapho iqembu elilodwa liphethe ukubika kuba inselele kakhulu. Izinto ezifana nokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi, ukulawulwa kwenguqulo, amadokhumenti nezinqubo ezifana nokuphathwa kokukhishwa noma ukuthunyelwa zazizinakekela ngokwazo lapho ziphathwa ithimba elincane. Lapho bekunezindinganiso zebhizinisi zokubika nokuphathwa kwedatha, ayengeke esakwazi ukuphoqelelwa. Kube nokuncane ukuqonda noma ukubonakala kokwakwenzeka ngaphandle kwe-IT. Ukuphathwa koshintsho bekungekho. 

Lezi zimo ezilawulwa umnyango zisebenze njenge-a umnotho wethunzi okusho ibhizinisi elenzeka 'ngaphansi kwe-radar', lena i-Shadow IT. I-Wikipedia ichaza i-Shadow IT ngokuthi “ukwaziswa kwesimanje (IT) amasistimu asetshenziswe iminyango ngaphandle komnyango we-IT ophakathi, ukuze abhekane nokushiyeka kwezinhlelo zolwazi ezimaphakathi.” Abanye bayachaza Mthunzi IT okuningi broadukufaka phakathi noma iyiphi iphrojekthi, izinhlelo, izinqubo noma amasistimu angaphandle kolawulo lwe-IT noma i-infosec.

Hawu! Yehlisa kancane ijubane. Uma i-Shadow IT iyinoma iyiphi iphrojekthi, uhlelo, inqubo noma uhlelo olungalawulwa yi-IT, kusho ukuthi igcwele kakhulu kunalokho ebesikucabanga. Ikhona yonke indawo. Ukusho ngokungananazi, zonke inhlangano ine-Shadow IT noma ngabe bayayivuma noma cha.  Ivele yehlele endabeni yeziqu. Impumelelo yenhlangano ekubhekaneni ne-Shadow IT incike kakhulu ekutheni babhekana kanjani nezinselelo ezibalulekile.

• Security. Phezulu kohlu lwezinkinga ezidalwe yi-Shadow IT izingozi zokuphepha. Cabanga ngamamakhro. Cabanga ngamaspredishithi ane-PMI kanye ne-PHI athunyelwe nge-imeyili ngaphandle kwenhlangano.
• Ingozi ephezulu yokulahleka kwedatha.  Futhi, ngenxa yokungqubuzana ekusetshenzisweni noma ezinqubweni, ukuqaliswa komuntu ngamunye kungase kwehluke. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukufakazela ukuthi izinqubo zebhizinisi ezimisiwe ziyalandelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenza kube nzima ngisho nokuthobela izicelo zocwaningo ezilula zokusetshenziswa nokufinyelela.
• Izinkinga zokuthobela imithetho.  Okuhlobene nezindaba zocwaningo, kuphinde kube nokukhuphuka kwamathuba okufinyelela idatha kanye nokugeleza kwedatha, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuthobela imithethonqubo efana I-Sarbanes-Oxley Act, GAAP (Izimiso Zokubalwa Kwezimali Ezamukelwe Ngokujwayelekile), HIPAA (Umthetho Wokuthwala Umshuwalense Wezempilo kanye Nomthetho Wokuphendula) nabanye
• Ukungasebenzi ekufinyeleleni kwedatha.  Ngisho noma enye yezinkinga esabalalisa i-IT ezama ukuyixazulula ukusheshisa idatha, imiphumela engalindelekile ihlanganisa izindleko ezifihliwe kubasebenzi abangewona abe-IT kwezezimali, ukumaketha, kanye no-HR, isibonelo, abachitha isikhathi sabo bedingida ubuqiniso bedatha, bebuyisana izinombolo zomakhelwane wabo futhi uzama ukuphatha isofthiwe by isihlalo ibhulukwe zabo.
• Ukungasebenzi kahle ekusebenzeni. Uma ubuchwepheshe bumukelwa amayunithi ebhizinisi amaningi ngokuzimela, kanjalo, izinqubo ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa nokusatshalaliswa kwazo. Okunye kungase kusebenze kahle. Abanye hhayi kakhulu.  
• Umqondo webhizinisi ongahambisani nezincazelo. Akekho umlindisango wokusungula izindinganiso, ukungqubuzana kungase kuthuthuke ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuhlola nokulawulwa kwenguqulo. Ngaphandle kwendlela ehlanganisiwe yedatha noma imethadatha ibhizinisi alisenayo inguqulo eyodwa yeqiniso. Iminyango ingenza kalula izinqumo zebhizinisi ngokusekelwe kudatha enephutha noma engaphelele.
• Ukuntuleka kokuhambisana nombono wenkampani.  I-Shadow IT ivamise ukukhawulela ukufezeka kwe-ROI. Amasistimu ezinkampani ezikhona zokuxoxisana ngezinkontileka zabathengisi kanye namadili amakhulu kwesinye isikhathi asuke eshaywe indiva. Lokhu kungase kuholele ekunikezeni amalayisense ngokweqile namasistimu ayimpinda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphazamisa ukuphishekela imigomo yenhlangano kanye nezinhlelo zamasu ze-IT.

Okubalulekile ukuthi izinhloso ezinhle zokwamukela umbiko wokuzisiza ziholele emiphumeleni ebingahlosiwe. Izinselele zingafingqwa zibe izigaba ezintathu: ukubusa, ukuphepha, nokuqondanisa kwebhizinisi.

Ungalenzi iphutha, amabhizinisi adinga abasebenzisi abagunyaziwe abasebenzisa idatha yesikhathi sangempela ngamathuluzi esimanje. Badinga futhi isiyalo sokuphathwa koshintsho, ukuphathwa kokukhishwa nokulawulwa kwenguqulo. Ngakho-ke, ingabe i-self-service reporting/BI iyinkohliso? Ungakwazi yini ukuthola ukulingana phakathi kokuzimela nokubusa? Ungakwazi yini ukubusa lokho ongakuboni?

Ikhambi

I-BI Self-Service Spectrum 

Isithunzi asisesona isithunzi uma usikhanyisela. Ngendlela efanayo, i-Shadow IT akusafanele yesatshwe uma ilethwa phezulu. Ekudaluleni i-Shadow IT, ungasebenzisa izinzuzo zokuzibika ngokuzisiza ezifunwa ngabasebenzisi bebhizinisi kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo wehlisa ubungozi ngokubusa. I-Governing Shadow IT izwakala njenge-oxymoron, kodwa, empeleni, iyindlela elinganiselayo yokuletha ukubhekwa kokuzisiza.

Ngithanda lokhu isifaniso sombhali (ebolekwe ku Kimball) yokuzenzela i-BI/yokubika efaniswe ne-buffet yokudlela. I-buffet iwukuzisiza ngomqondo wokuthi ungathola noma yini oyifunayo futhi uyibuyisele etafuleni lakho. Lokho akusho ukuthi uzongena ekhishini bese ubeka i-steak yakho ku-grill ngokwakho. Usamdinga lowo mpheki nethimba lakhe lasekhishini. Kuyafana nokubika kokuzenzela/i-BI, uzohlala udinga ithimba le-IT ukuze lilungiselele i-buffet yedatha ngokukhipha, ukuguqula, ukugcinwa, ukuvikela, ukumodela, ukubuza, nokuphatha.  

I-buffet ongadla ngayo yonke ingase ibe lula kakhulu kwisifaniso. Esikubonile ukuthi kunamazinga ahlukene okubambiqhaza kweqembu lasekhishini lokudlela. Abanye, njenge-buffet yendabuko, balungisa ukudla ngemuva bese bebeka i-smorgasbord lapho sekulungele ukudliwa. Okufanele ukwenze nje ukulayisha ipuleti lakho futhi ulibuyisele etafuleni lakho. Lena iLas Vegas MGM Grand Buffet noma imodeli yebhizinisi leGolden Corral. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-spectrum, kunamabhizinisi afana ne-Home Chef, i-Apron eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye ne-Hello Fresh, aletha iresiphi kanye nezithako emnyango wakho. Kudingeka ukuhlanganiswa okuthile. Bayothenga futhi bahlele ukudla. Wenza okunye.

Endaweni ethile phakathi, mhlawumbe, yizindawo ezifana neMongolia Grill ezilungise izithako kodwa ezikubekele ukuthi uzikhethe bese unikeza ipuleti lakho lenyama eluhlaza nemifino kumpheki ukuze akubeke emlilweni. Kulesi simo, ukuphumelela komphumela kuncike (okungenani ingxenye) kuwe ukuthi ukhethe ingxube yezithako namasoso ahambisana kahle. Kubuye kuncike ekulungiseleleni kanye nekhwalithi yokudla okufanele ukhethe kukho, kanye nekhono lompheki oyengeza ngezinye izikhathi ukuthinta kwakhe.

I-BI Self-Service Spectrum

Izibalo zokuzisiza ziyefana. Izinhlangano ezinezibalo zokuzisiza zivame ukuwela endaweni ethile ku-spectrum. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-spectrum kunezinhlangano, njenge-MGM Grand Buffet, lapho ithimba le-IT lisalungisa yonke idatha nemethadatha, likhetha ithuluzi lokuhlaziya lebhizinisi elibanzi nelokubika bese lilethula kumsebenzisi wokugcina. Konke okudingeka akwenze umsebenzisi wokugcina ukukhetha izinto zedatha afuna ukuzibona futhi aqalise umbiko. Okuwukuphela kwento yokuzisiza ngale modeli ukuthi umbiko awukakakhiwa ithimba le-IT. Ifilosofi yezinhlangano ezisebenzisa i-Cognos Analytics iwela kulo mkhawulo we-spectrum.

Izinhlangano ezicishe zifane nezimpahla zokudla ezilethwa emnyango wakho zivame ukunikeza abasebenzisi bazo “ikhithi yedatha” ehlanganisa idatha abayidingayo nokukhetha kwamathuluzi abangayifinyelela ngawo. Le modeli idinga ukuthi umsebenzisi aqonde kangcono kokubili idatha kanye nethuluzi ukuze athole izimpendulo abazidingayo. Ngokwazi kwethu, izinkampani ezisebenzisa i-Qlik Sense ne-Tableau zivame ukuwela kulesi sigaba.

Amathuluzi ebhizinisi afana ne-Power BI afana ne-Mongolian Grill - ndawana thize phakathi.  

Nakuba singakwazi ukwenza ngokujwayelekile futhi sibeke izinhlangano ezisebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene okuhlaziya ezindaweni ezihlukene ze-“BI Self-Service Spectrum” yethu, iqiniso liwukuthi isikhundla singashintsha ngenxa yezinto ezimbalwa: inkampani ingase yamukele ubuchwepheshe obusha, ikhono lomsebenzisi lingase likhule, abaphathi. ingase inqume indlela yokwenza, noma ibhizinisi lingase livele liguqukele ekubeni yimodeli evuleleke kakhudlwana yokuzisiza enenkululeko eyengeziwe kubasebenzisi bedatha. Eqinisweni, indawo ku-spectrum ingase yehluke kuwo wonke amayunithi ebhizinisi ngaphakathi kwenhlangano efanayo.  

Ukuvela Kwezibalo

Ngokushintshela ekuzisizeni futhi njengoba izinhlangano zihambela kwesokudla ku-BI Buffet Spectrum, Izikhungo Zobushiqela Zobushiqela Zendabuko zithathelwe indawo yimiphakathi yokusebenzisana. I-IT ingase ibambe iqhaza kulawa maqembu ane-matrixed esiza ukuxhumana nemikhuba ehamba phambili kuwo wonke amaqembu okulethwa. Lokhu kuvumela amaqembu okuthuthukisa ngasohlangothini lwebhizinisi ukuthi alondoloze ukuzimela okuthile ngenkathi esebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele yebhizinisi yokubusa nezakhiwo.

KUFANELE ihlale iqaphile. Abasebenzisi abadala imibiko yabo - futhi kwezinye izimo, amamodeli - bangase bangazi ngobungozi bokuphepha kwedatha. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuvimbela ukuvuza okungenzeka kwezokuphepha wukusesha ngokuqhubekayo okuqukethwe okusha futhi ukuhlolele ukuthi ziyahambisana yini.

Impumelelo ye-Shadow IT ebusayo imayelana nezinqubo ezikhona zokuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka nezinqubomgomo zobumfihlo ziyathotshelwa. 

Izindida zokuzisiza 

Izibalo zokuzisiza ezilawulwayo zivumelanisa amandla e-polar afaka inkululeko ngokumelene nokulawula. Lokhu kuguquguquka kudlala ezindaweni eziningi zebhizinisi nobuchwepheshe: isivinini ngokumelene namazinga; emisha ngokumelene nokusebenza; ukushesha ngokumelene nezakhiwo; kanye nezidingo zomnyango ziqhathaniswa nezithakazelo zebhizinisi.

-Wayne Erickson

Amathuluzi okuphatha i-Shadow IT

Ukulinganisa ubungozi nezinzuzo kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni inqubomgomo eqhubekayo ye-Shadow IT. I-Leveraging Shadow IT ukwembula izinqubo namathuluzi amasha angavumela bonke abasebenzi ukuthi baphumelele ezindimeni zabo kuwumkhuba webhizinisi ohlakaniphile. Amathuluzi anamandla okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo eziningi anikeza izinkampani isisombululo esingajabulisa kokubili i-IT nebhizinisi.

Izingozi nezinselele eziphakanyiswe yi-Shadow IT zingancishiswa kakhulu ngokusebenzisa izinqubo zokuphatha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi idatha yekhwalithi iyatholakala kubo bonke abayidingayo ngokuzifinyelela.

Imibuzo Ebalulekile 

Imibuzo Ebalulekile Ukuvikeleka Kwe-IT Kufanele Ikwazi Ukuyiphendula Ehlobene Nokubonakala Nokulawula Kwe-IT Kwethunzi. Uma unamasistimu noma izinqubo zokuphendula le mibuzo, kufanele ukwazi ukudlulisa isigaba se-Shadow IT sokuhlolwa kwezokuphepha:

1. Ingabe unayo inqubomgomo ehlanganisa i-Shadow IT?
2. Ungakwazi yini ukuklelisa kalula zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisetshenziswa enhlanganweni yakho? Amaphoyinti ebhonasi uma unolwazi ngenguqulo nezinga lokulungisa.
3. Uyazi ukuthi ubani oguqule izimpahla zokuhlaziya ekukhiqizeni?
4. Uyazi ukuthi ubani osebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Shadow IT?
5. Uyazi ukuthi okuqukethwe ekukhiqizweni kwagcina nini ukulungiswa?
6. Ungakwazi yini ukubuyela kalula enguqulweni yangaphambilini uma kukhona ukukhubazeka enguqulweni yokukhiqiza?
7. Ingabe uyakwazi ukubuyisela amafayela ngamanye kalula uma kwenzeka kuba nenhlekelele?
8. Iyiphi inqubo oyisebenzisayo ukuze ukhiphe ama-artifacts?
9. Ungakwazi yini ukukhombisa ukuthi abasebenzisi abagunyaziwe kuphela abafinyelele isistimu namafayela aphromothiwe?
10. Uma uthola iphutha ezinombolweni zakho, wazi kanjani ukuthi yethulwa nini (futhi ubani)?

Isiphetho

I-Shadow IT ngezindlela zayo eziningi ilapha ukuze ihlale. Sidinga ukuyikhanyisa futhi siyidalule ukuze sikwazi ukulawula ubungozi sibe sisebenzisa izinzuzo zayo. Kungenza abasebenzi bakhiqize kakhudlwana futhi namabhizinisi asungule kakhudlwana. Kodwa-ke, umdlandla wezinzuzo kufanele uthonywe ukulondeka, ukuthobela, nokubusa.   

Okubhekwayo

Ungaphumelela Kanjani Nge-self-Service Analytics Ukulinganisa Ukunika Amandla Nokuphatha

Incazelo ye-Ideology, Merriam-Webster

Incazelo ye-Shadow Economy, Izindaba Zebhizinisi Lemakethe

I-Shadow IT, i-Wikipedia 

I-Shadow IT: umbono we-CIO

Inguqulo eyodwa yeqiniso, i-Wikipedia

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I-IT Operating Model Evolution

I-BI Hoax yokuSelf-Service

Yini i-Shadow IT?, McAfee

Okufanele ukwenze Nge-Shadow IT